The capital of Sudan, Khartoum State, home to approximately 7 million people, grappled with a daily production of roughly 6,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste. However, in 2013, the city faced significant challenges with its waste management infrastructure. Collection services proved inadequate, with only 65% of the generated waste being effectively collected while collection vehicles were insufficient and poorly maintained. Consequently, streets became strewn with uncollected waste, exacerbating sanitary issues, particularly in low-income residential areas.

Dhaka is facing significant challenges related to land and water pollution, largely attributed to ineffective waste management systems and a lack of community engagement in sanitation services. In response, the city has implemented Community Participatory Waste Management Services at the ward level, the smallest administrative units within the municipal government. This community-based approach seeks to enhance waste management practices by actively involving local residents in the process.